Mobile Query and Processing in Mobile Database Environment

MOBILE QUERY AND PROCESSING IN MOBILE DATABASE ENVIRONMENT Agustinus Borgy Waluyo1 1 Bala Srinivasan1 David Taniar2 educate of Computer Science and Softwargon Engineering, Monash University, Australia Agustinus. Borgy. Waluyo, Bala. Srinivasaninfotech. monash. edu. au. 2 School of Business Systems, Monash University, Australia David. emailprotected monash. edu. au Abstract meandering(a) informationbase is a cutting linguistic context of entropybase application in radio surround. It introduces unique subject of queries, and research- offseting strategies that be different to traditionalistic selective informationbases.We fellowshipify unsettled database c e precise last(predicate) into question into ii categories, especially context- sensitiveness interview and adhoc enquiry. Context-awargonness oppugn is tho classified into muddle dependent, context dependent, and hybrid wonder. As for the call into question touch on, we define three strategies to wit liquid client, on air, and waiter strategy. expeditious client and on air strategy relates to caching strategy and broadcast strategy respectively. Finally, we include some(prenominal) challenges in busy databases. 1. Introduction new-fangled advances in wireless technology have led to mobile figuring, a sensitive dimension in data communication and impact. Many predict a modern emerging, gigantic market with millions of mobile users carrying small, battery-powered bourninal equipped with wireless connection 1,2,10. The mobile moderateness environment departs database applications with useful aspects of wireless technology, which is known as mobile databases. This advance technology has created a spic-and-span age of nomadic database users. Basically, these users are simply feelering a database through a profit.However, the network is now use in wireless environment, and has several novel properties, which include users placements are constantly changing, the likelines s of losing connections is much greater than in a traditional network, and asymmetric communication environment in which the wireless bandwidth for uplink communication is littler than downlink communication 11. In general, mobile user communicates with a diligent Base broadcast (MBS) to carry out any activities such as transaction and information retrieval.MBS has a wireless port to establish communication with mobile client and it serves a large number of mobile users in a specific region called cell. In mobile environment architecture, to each nonpareil MBS is connected to a fixed network as illustrated in consider 1(a). nimble units or mobile clients in each cell rear end connect to the fixed network via wireless radio, wireless Local Area Network (LAN), wireless cellular, or satellite. Each of the wireless networks provides a different bandwidth capacity.However, the wireless bandwidth is too small as compared to the fixed network such as ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) lay round provide speed up to 155Mbps 7. 55 radio set Network wide awake Base Station Mobile Base Station radio set Network higher(prenominal) speed Wired Network Fixed Host Fixed Host Crossing Crossing Mobile Client dubiousness enquiry Processing Strategy data Repository Query Result 2 Mobile Base Station Mobile Base Station Query Taxonomy = Mobile Client = tuner Network 1 (a) Mobile milieu Architecture (b) Query Application in Mobile Environment Figure 1.Mobile Environment Architecture and Query Processing Figure 1(b) depicts the interview processing in mobile databases. Mobile client initiates a query, and retrieve the data from data repository. The data repository is for sale in the fixed network. The query is transmitted through wireless channel, and the resolve is obtained using certain query processing strategies. As locoweed be sympathisen in Figure 1b, a sign of number 1, and 2, which is link up in query taxonomy, and query processing strategy respectively, correspond to the main content of this penning.Driven by differences between wired and wireless environment results in differences of casing of queries, query processing mechanisms as wellhead as communication technology. It is the aim of this paper to provide comprehensive query taxonomy, and processing strategy in mobile databases. Figure 2 shows a detailed structure of this paper. Subsequent sections in this paper are organized as follows. Section 2 describes query taxonomy in mobile databases. Section 3 obligates the query processing strategies, and section 4 discusses some challenges in mobile databases. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper.In this paper, the term mobile client, mobile device, mobile user, user and client are used interchangeably fixture D ependent Q ueries C ontext Aw areness Taxonomy C ontext D ependent Q ueries Hybrid Q ueries A d Hoc Q ueries M obile Q uery and Processing M obile C lient Processing Strategy O n Air waiter Figure 2. Structure of Pap er 56 2. Query Taxonomy In this section, we classify type of queries in mobile databases. The queries can be entirely clean and specifically applied in the wireless environment, while the other can be a greenness type of query in traditional databases. 2. Context Awareness The word context implies a florilegium of aspects. 14 defines the word context into three categories namely cypher context, user context, and physical context. Computing context relates to computing resources such as network connectivity, bandwidth, printer, and workstations. User context associates with users needs, preferences, roles, profile, and alike. Physical context impresss environment issue, which include lighting, noise, merchandise, temperature, and humidity. 5 adds some other category of context called time context, which refers to time of a day, week, month, year, etcetera 6 defines context as either the aspect of physical world or condition and activities in the virtual world. It is advertiz e described that context information can either be transient when the context associates with the environment at a peak of time or persistent when the context involves a history of transient context. In simple words, we can always define that context relates to who, when, where, and what. Context ken creates a new class of applications in mobile computing. With context awareness, mobile device is expected to adapt constantly in a wide range of dynamically and continually changing functions.It is important for the device to be able to aware of the situation, environment, and tasks that the mobile client is performing as well as will be performing in the near future. The utilisation of context information in an application minimises the amount of user involvement in a service by providing related information. Having known the context of the query modifys the device to pre-fetch all data that is highly related and likely to be queried in the near future. With this query, client onl y initiates a ace require and all related data will be retrieved implicitly.This technique avoids client to have duple request that result in energy efficiency. Example To find restaurants information in current region. The query will result of retrieving restaurants based on users preferences such as Italian, Chinese or fast food as well as pre-fetching maps, traffic and weather condition, which is likely to be queried next. roughly applications have been focusing on location awareness rather than context awareness as a whole. Thus, we classify mobile database queries into location dependent queries, context dependent queries, and the combination thereof. 2. 1. Location Dependent Queries Location dependent query is a class of queries that are motivated by mobile clients. In this type of query, the location of the mobile client is a parameter of the query. The value of the location parameter can be provided by the client or a global positioning system (GPS). An example of this q uery is a travelers information system that provides information on hotels, restaurant, bars and the like, to motorists. Processing of queries must be based on knowledge of the users location. For queries services that are ahead of the current route, perpetration of motion and speed are necessary to be taken into account.Recent technology provides a new feature in automobiles, which offers 57 navigational aids as a built-in feature. In general, each location updates generate two direct costs, particularly transmission cost, which refers to the cost to inform the innkeeper of the new location, and emcee processing cost, which corresponds to the cost of updating the system containing the location of the mobile unit. The location parameter can be in any objects, such as taxis, trucks, and helicopters. This class of query can be further classified into two categories (i) Continuous query, and (ii) On-demand query.Continuous query The continuous type of query includes rattling-time supervise of mobile objects. This is different compared with conventional queries, which are based on an instant of the database at some aftermath in time. Real-time monitoring queries are continuous for monitoring purposes 3, 13. Examples (i) To request information about near tourist attractions, hotels, or shopping nubble while traveling. With this type of query, users only need to send a query once and nonification of the updated information about nearby tourist attractions, hotels, or shopping center will be sent automatically as they move to different regions. ii) This query also helps tourists whenever they are close to a certain situation such as dangerous zone or traffic jam by providing some alerts to mobile user. Figure 3 shows an illustration of real-time query monitoring. In this application, the system must be able to provide the accurate query results and update them in real time whenever some mobile clients enters or exits the region defined by the query. This cl ass of query can be referred as range-monitoring queries. The range-monitoring queries are removed from the system only when the user explicitly ends the query.Server stop Query Query i Response i New parting Updated answer i voice 1 Mobile Client 1 Moves to Region 2 Mobile Client 1 Figure 3. Continuous Query On demand query The on demand location dependent query is different from continuous query in a way that its database management does not manage the query but only the location of each mobile units in specified regions. Figure 4 illustrates on demand query. Every mobile unit is registered under one location legion that manages the user profiles and is called the position location server.Location information of mobile clients can be stored at predefined sites like the users home location server in a network. Consequently, the search space for a users location can be reduced. However, when a mobile user crosses any boundaries of a cell, the information at the predefined site has to be updated accordingly. This type of query does not have to specify when to end the query since the server does not keep the query but the location 12. Examples To retrieve nearby hospital, police station or petrol station in the area. 58 Server Q uery i R esponse i Q uery j R esponse j Region 1 M obile C lien t 1M oves to Region 2 M obile C lien t 1 Figure 4. On Demand Query When the parameter is an object, and mobile client requests an object that satisfies location criteria, then the situation becomes different. Figure 5 illustrates on demand query with location object parameter 8,15. Examples (i) Taxi operator wants to see how many allow taxis are soon in a certain region. They can find free taxis and allocate them to another region that require more taxis or send them directly to the nearby customer. (ii) Tourists who come to the country, where there are no designated bus stops, nor timetable.They can utilize mobile device to retrieve incoming buses at heart a pre-d efined time. Server Object Query Object Result Location Tracking Location Info Mobile Client Object Figure 5. On Demand Query with Location Object Parameter 2. 1. 2 Context Dependent Queries This type of query requires maintenance of an internal representation of users needs, preferences, roles, profile, etc. With these parameters, application will be able to decide the situation and task that a user is currently performing, and adapt to change of user needs and roles.This enables mobile device not to just retrieve the involve information but also some other information that is highly pertinent 6,8. Examples (i) Tourist wants to see list of restaurants in a town. Rather than retrieving the entire list of restaurants, the query retrieves the restaurants based on users preferences and need such as cuisine preference, price, occasion, etc. (ii) A business person wants to take hold the closest meeting schedule. The query retrieves the time as well as previous history of the meeting, pack involved, client accounts, meal preferences, required data, etc. 9 2. 1. 3 Hybrid Queries Hybrid queries represent a combination of location dependent and context dependent queries. This type of query requires the system to maintain all parameters of context-awareness queries including location parameter. Examples (i) A Traveler wants to find restaurants in the region that he/she will enjoy and within 10 minutes of current travel distance, (ii) A teenager wants to check movies in the nearby cinemas that he/she will like, and the show time can be met while considering current travel distance.These queries are very useful for nomadic users since it not only considers the users preferences and needs but also the location of the user. More advanced(a) application utilizes a variety of sensors to monitor the environment as well as users action in parliamentary law to provide assistance of the tasks being performed by the user. This application requires the ability to process data streams in real-time, analyze and interpret it precisely. The main point in context awareness query is to accurately analyze the environment and users intention, regardless of where the context information is obtained from.It is a serious challenge since there is a possibility of conflicting data, and the need to have efficient processing to provide a useful application to the user. 2. 2 Ad Hoc Queries Ad Hoc queries are commonly utilised queries in traditional DBMS. This type of query explicitly mentions the required information in the query statement, and does not involve any context awareness information. Thus, the query result is only based on the actual query itself. Examples (i) University student wants to retrieve his/her academic record or personal details. ii) Travelling sales person inquires about product approachability, price, etc. 3. Query Processing Strategy We divide query-processing strategy for mobile databases into three parts, namely (i) mobile/client strategy, (ii) on-air strategy and, (iii) server strategy. Mobile/clients strategy relates to how client manipulates and maintains the data in its collect efficiently and effectively. On-air strategy corresponds to data broadcasting strategies. With this strategy, the number of mobile users does not affect the query performance.Server strategy relates to designing techniques for the server to accommodate multiple requests so that the request can be elegant as efficiently as possible. We claim that query processing for mobile databases is very much refer around the issues of caching, broadcasting, and programing. Figure 6 shows the architecture of query processing in mobile databases. 60 C Strategies lient OA n ir Strategies Server Strategies Figure 6. Query Processing in Mobile databases 3. 1 Mobile Client Strategy Mobile clients strategy defines a number of strategies to maintain amassd data items in clients local storage.As stated earlier, wireless communication channel in general suf fers to narrow down bandwidth while it is also inherently asymmetric communication, in which the downstream communication bandwidth from a server to the mobile client is much larger than the upstream communication bandwidth from clients back to server. Due to the above reason, caching of oft accessed data items in a clients local storage becomes important for enhancing the performance and data availability of data access queries. Another advantage of caching is the ability to handle fault tolerance.This is related to the characteristics of mobile computing in which each mobile client connects or disconnects from the network frequently. In some situation, the MBS may not be accessible due to problem like signal distortion. However, a query can politic be partially processed from caches and at least some of the query results can be returned to the user 9. Three main issues characterize a caching mechanism. These issues include caching granularity, caching coherence strategy, and ca ching replacement policy.Caching granularity relates to determining a physical form of cached data items. Caching coherence strategy or repeal strategy involves cache invalidation and update schemes to invalidate and update an out-dated cached item 4. Caching replacement policy is needed to retain the frequently accessed database items in a clients local storage. The more effective a caching replacement policy in keeping the frequently accessed items, the better a query will perform and the more queries could be served during disconnect situation. 3. On Air Strategy In this scheme, the server periodically broadcasts the frequently accessed data items to clients through one or more broadcast channels, but the clients may not cache the data item of interest. This situation might occur when the client does not have enough memory or space to cache the required data. The behavior of this channel is unidirectional which means the server disseminates a set of data periodically, via this type of channel to a multiple number of users. A complete broadcast file is referred as a broadcast cycle.In this scheme, the client needs to listen to channel and filter the required data all over the channel, which is also generally known as push-mechanism. Figure 7 shows on air query processing. 61 The advantage of broadcasting channel is its scalability. The number of users in the cell and the request rate do not affect the performance of the server. Thus, the utilization of bandwidth is better and the server workload is lower as compared with point to point/on-demand communication. Consequently, the power utilization of the client to retrieve information is also improved.However, it is very important to have swell strategies to maintain the overall response time of the client to obtain information from the channel or else the advantages of data broadcast will be skeletal. B ro ad cast C h an n el = listen in g to th e chan n el = retriev in g th e d esired data M o bile C li e nt Figure 7. On Air Query Processing 3. 3 Server Strategy This strategy considers the problem of pull-based broadcast plan where mobile clients send queries to the server through dedicated or point-to-point channel, server process the query, and send the result back to the client.The strategy concerns with broadcast and disk scheduling. Broadcast scheduling is to determine how queries to be served efficiently in the server considering a number of factors such as the length of the query, the wait time and the popularity of the items. Data scheduling is related to how data is placed on the disk that improves the query response time. The possibility of combining these two methods for query processing strategy is an interesting issue to be explored. B road cast server C ach e S erver D isk S erver T r a n sm itte r S erver Figure 8. Broadcast Server ArchitectureA database server is able to arouse the data retrieval performance by incorporating its own main memory and cache to store those database items frequently accessed by most mobile clients. Figure 62 8 shows architecture of broadcast server. A query can be processed either in the disk server or cache server. If the relevant data items have been retrieved earlier then the query is processed in the cache server. After processing a query, the results are transmitted to the transmitter queue, which subsequently send the data items through the wireless channel. 4. Challenges in Mobile DatabasesThis section discusses some challenges in mobile database environment. The general concept that has been outlined in this paper contains an enormous issue to investigate. However, due to the limitation of page, only a few numbers can be mentioned. Location management is an important issue in mobile database research. Since the number of user population carrying mobile devices increases linearly with the service demand, the communication traffic for locating users also increases accordingly. This situation requires an eff icient strategy for location tracking and management.Location management is a very essential factor in providing context awareness services. Context security introduces a new issue to be considered. Since context information may contain a very confidential and private data. It is necessary to ensure privacy issue protection for each user in a network. Caching management strategy, which includes caching granularity, caching coherent issue, and caching replacement strategy, requires a thorough investigation. A effective caching management strategy is able to analyse, predict, and adapt to changing of users context in order to assist user in performing tasks.As for processing issue, data caching in mobile databases enable clients to obtain a high computing speed as server, by involving a much smaller data items volume. The asymmetric communication in mobile environment has made it a better reason to employ caching strategy. Broadcast scheduling is another issue to investigate. Genera lly, the more number of data to be broadcast, the more requests will be served from the data broadcast and this will reduce the chance of mobile clients to send the request to the server. However, at a certain point the advantage of the broadcast data will be diminished if there is too many data in the roadcast cycle. Consequently, it will severely affect the query response time since mobile users have to wait for considerably long delay before they receive the desired data. Therefore, it is essential to decide what data to be broadcast that serves most of the requests since the query access pattern is changed dynamically. 5. Conclusions Recent emergence of wireless technology enables people to conduct activities, business, or transactions anywhere and anytime without any accompaniment to stationary computer like used to be.Nomadic people are now able to access email, news, weather, and query to the central database server using wireless devices. Mobile database focuses on the que ry issue that is the sovereign operation in mobile computing. Since mobile database is a new dimension of database application, the type of query, query processing strategy, and communication technology that involves in the application are different than what applies in traditional databases. We have defined query taxonomy as well as query processing strategy in mobile databases.Query in mobile databases are categorized into context-awareness query and ad-hoc query. Context- 63 awareness query is further classified into location dependent, context dependent, and hybrid query. Query processing in mobile databases includes mobile client, on air, and server strategy. Mobile client and on air strategy corresponds to caching strategy and broadcast strategy respectively. Finally, we discuss a few challenges that open enormous opportunities for research in mobile databases. 6. References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ACHARYA S. , ALONSO R. , FRANKLIN M. AND ZDONIK S. 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